startxref The Sound Pattern of English: Morris Halle. The Shanghainese tonal system is similar to the African languages, and distinctly different from Asian contour tonal languages such as Mandarin, Cantonese, Taiwanese Min and Thai (Duanmu 1994). The question of the suprasegmental vs. segmental status of lexical tones in tone languages has been addressed primarily via phonological analysis of diachronic and synchronic data on tones as produced in a range of languages. Am. 75, eds J. A.Goldsmith, J. Riggle, and A. C. L. Yu (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons), 50–80. Chen et al. <<943cc1d6e3d3a644a06c9360946430b3>]>> The upper register (murmurless) is capable of experiencing two relative pitch levels (High and Low). 28, 565–585. |, http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A520288&dswid=320, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), MARCS Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia. Chao (1930) numbers (“letters”) have been adopted most often, primarily but not only for Asian languages. Liu, L., and Kager, R. (2014). Many languages of Europe, the Americas, Oceania, Africa and even Asia function perfectly well without them. I don't think it's the same as Japanese pitch accent, since it has to do with stress, not a higher or lower pitch. Front. Clearly, then, phonological use of pitch distinctions is familiar to non-tone language speakers, at higher metrical levels of their language. Copyright © 2019 Best. Discrimination of pitch contours by neonates. J. Unique insights into how language experience shapes phonological knowledge could be gained from studies of non-native and native tone perception that exploit the diversity of lexical tone systems, and probe how a range of contrast types are perceived in relation to prosodic distinctions at higher tiers of the phonological hierarchy. So while “tone” in language is comparable to “pitch” in music, “pitch” is a more specific phenomenon where one syllable in a word is distinguished by a linguistic “tone.” This is also all separate fro… Soc. But only some languages also make use of lexical tones, contrastive sub-syllabic fundamental frequency (pitch) variations referred to as tonemes (e.g., Jones, 1944), which for those languages comprise a third class of phonemic elements. Psychol. All languages use tone and pitch to some extent to convey meaning, including European languages, which are among a family of pitch accent languages. 9:1211. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01211, Quam, C., and Swingley, D. (2010). Pierrehumbert, J., and Beckman, M. (1988). Phonology 3, 371–405. People make that mistake all the time: Ancient Greek was not a tonal language. There is still much to learn about perception of lexical tones, and how it changes developmentally in both native and non-native listeners. The most comprehensive understanding of native and non-native tone perception and its development is likely to require studies in which the target stimuli are taken from a wider range of types of tone languages, and the listeners' L1s are representative of a wider range of tone and non-tone languages. Therefore, the syllable on which such an accent falls is … The remaining article (Ramachers et al., 2017) took an important additional step away from the past by using a European pitch accent language, Limburgian, rather than an Asian contour tone language in which tones carry high functional load in the lexicon but no grammatical function. It is important to note, nonetheless, that lexical tone forms and usage vary widely across tone languages (e.g., Hyman, 2011a, 2016; Remijsen, 2016)2. 17, 94–109. 2, eds M. van Oostendorp, C. J., Ewen, E. V., Hume, and K. Riceohn (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley and Sons), 1078–1102. These two classes of phonemes are used to differentiate between words, whose meanings can be categorically changed by switching even a single vowel or consonant, as in vs. or . Spoken word recognition in young tone language learners: age-dependent effects of segmental and suprasegmental variation. 9:2093. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02093, Li, X., Gandour, J. T., Talavage, T., Wong, D., Hoffa, A., Lowe, M., et al. Firstly, the emergence of lexical tones during the historical evolution of a language (tonogenesis) is much more likely to arise via diachronic changes in laryngeal features of consonants, e.g., through trans-phonologization of voicing contrasts, than from diachronic changes in vowels (see Maddieson, 1984; Whalen et al., 1993; Ratliff, 2015; Remijsen, 2016; for ongoing consonant voicing-related tonogenesis in Seoul Korean, see Silva, 2006a,b). Nor do neurocognitive studies resolve the issue. (2018). The effects of lexical pitch accent on infant word recognition in Japanese. doi: 10.1111/desc.12097, Skoruppa, K., Pons, F., Bosch, L., Christophe, A., Cabrol, D., and Peperkamp, S. (2013). For example, they may perceive non-native lexical tones as L1 intonational phrase (e.g., Hallé et al., 2004) and/or stress contrasts (e.g., So and Best, 2010, 2011, 2014). As briefly summarized in the following paragraphs, certain sources of evidence and/or theoretical analyses appear to be consistent with each of these possibilities. (1998). doi: 10.1017/S0142716407070312, Wong, P. C., Perrachione, T. K., and Parrish, T. B. Further complicating things are other developmental findings suggesting that language-specific changes in consonant perception appear somewhat earlier, by 8 months, in French-learning than English-learning infants (Hoonhorst et al., 2009). (2016). Moreover, languages that lack lexical tones (non-tone languages) are far from devoid of systematic pitch variations. Other articles where Register-tone language is discussed: Tai languages: Phonological characteristics: …Thai tones are as follows: level (using no diacritic), low (using a grave accent), falling (using a circumflex), high (using an acute accent), and rising (using a wedge, or haček); for example, maa (with no diacritic) ‘to come,’ màak (with a grave accent… 12, 914–919. They're completely different. J. Phonet. Infant Behav. (2006b). One way or another: Evidence for perceptual asymmetry in pre-attentive learning of non-native contrasts. xref doi: 10.3758/s13414-014-0791-3, Remijsen, B. Psychol. Some apply tone values to all syllables while others restrict tones to accented syllables of specific words (lexical pitch accent4). F0 gives voicing information even with unambiguous voice onset times. These issues need to be carefully considered in any attempt to extend existing theoretical models of non-native and L2 speech perception, such as the Perceptual Assimilation Model (PAM: Best, 1995; Best and Tyler, 2007) or the Speech Learning Model (SLM: e.g., Flege, 1995), to the perception of non-native lexical tones by non-tone L1 listeners. 0000003085 00000 n Cambridge: MIT Press. 8:558. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00558, Wang, W. S.-Y. In most stress-accent languages, pitch is an important correlate of stress, so the dividing lines between tone, stress and pitch-accent are fuzzy. Chinese and English infants' tone perception: evidence for perceptual reorganization. 0000004410 00000 n However, pitch accent is different from tones. In Swedish, tone is the only difference between buren "the cage" and buren "carried (participle)", anden "the wild duck" and anden "the spirit". Cantonese-speaking children do not acquire tone perception before tone production — A perceptual and acoustic study of three-year-olds' monosyllabic tones. However, we return later to consider their phonological status and its relevance for understanding lexical tone perception by native and non-native listeners. Basically Hungarian has a very low pitch and Chinese has a very high one. Hyman, L. M. (2011b). 0000007750 00000 n Influences of vowel and tone variation on emergent word knowledge: a cross-linguistic investigation. Stud. They are employed in 60–70% of existing languages (Yip, 2002), including many Asian, African and indigenous American languages as well as a few European and South Pacific languages (Maddieson, 2013). J. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. So In Chinese ma can be pronounced multiple ways and have multiple meanings due to the different tones (low, high, falling, rising), but in Japanese ma is only pronounced one way (it can … 3. tone system. Psychol. 59, S1566–S1574. Chomsky, N., and Halle, M. (1968). Available online at: https://wals.info/chapter/13, Mattock, K., and Burnham, D. B. Learn. pitch accent is one of the easiest ways to single out the non-native speakers, no matter how perfect their command of the language might be otherwise. ^As these claims have referred to creaky voice (very widely spaced pitch pulses) and glottalization (temporary lack of pitch pulsing) it is not entirely clear to me that they are necessarily categorically different from pitch specification. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21377, Selkirk, E. O. “Tonoexodus, tonogenesis, and tone change,” in Oxford Handbook of Historical Phonology, eds P. Honeybone and J. Salmons (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 245-261. Some include tonemes with temporally-changing pitch trajectories (contour tone languages) while others use only level pitches (register tone languages). In fully tonal languages, every word has a pitch. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2016.11.011. Tonal spelling versus diacritics for teaching pronunciation of Mandarin Chinese. Similarly, use of the full range of lexical tone types and systems will be needed to determine whether, when and how young non-tone language learners may shift from perceiving non-native lexical tones as potential segmental contrasts (like consonants and vowels) to assimilating them as native prosodic patterns, and on the other hand to better understand how and when young learners of tone languages begin to tease apart lexical tones (segmental tier) from not only paralinguistic indexical information (talker identity, gender, emotion etc.) doi: 10.1016/j.wocn.2007.06.005, Gao, M. (2009). 8:2190. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02190, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Chandrasekaran, B., Sampath, P. D., and Wong, P. C. (2010). This leads us to the next question: do lexical tones constitute a third class of phonological segments in addition to consonants and vowels in tone languages, or do they instead serve as optional phonological features of vowels or consonants? Japanese pitch accent (高低アクセント, kōtei akusento) is a feature of the Japanese language that distinguishes words by accenting particular morae in most Japanese dialects. Example In Mandarinma ma ma doi: 10.21437/TAL.2016-2, Jones, D. (1944). 36, 268–294. Monolingual and bilingual infants' ability to use non-native tone for word learning deteriorates by the second year after birth. doi: 10.1515/9781614510772.205. •More generally, pitch accent is not a coherent notion, but rather, a pick and choose among the properties that characterize prototypical tone vs. prototypical accent. Prosodic Phonology. tone ¥in a fully tonal language, it is a lexical property of every syllable in every word to be marked for some pitch ¥Some languages have a L vs. H Pitch accent: a sparse tonal system ¥Only high tones are marked ¥Not every word On the other hand, findings from a recent eye-tracking study of novel tone-language word learning by native, non-native tone L1 and non-native non-tone L1 adults indicate that tone processing appears to be more tightly time-locked to the vowel than the consonant onset in the words (Poltrock et al., 2018). ^While lexical stress and gemination are also optional (non-obligatory) phonological features used for lexical contrast, they both are defined across multiple timing units. 93, 2152–2159. In tone word training studies, non-tone L1 listeners learn novel words' consonant-vowel patterns faster and more accurately than their lexical tones (Wong and Perrachione, 2007). “Tone: Is it different?,” in The Handbook of Phonological Theory, Vol. doi: 10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.109, Sato, Y., Sogabe, Y., and Mazuka, R. (2009). Thus, there does not appear to be a clear consensus from phonological and articulatory studies as to whether lexical tones function as a third, separate class of segments, or instead serve as vowel features or consonant features. Gestural coordination among vowel, consonant and tone gestures in Mandarin Chinese. The specific sounds of a tonal language are sometimes called tonemes. doi: 10.1080/03740463.1944.10410902, Kager, R. (2018). (2012). Languages that use lexical pitch accents are described as pitch accent languages, in contrast to tone/tonal languages like Mandarin Chinese and Yoruba. The authors inferred that the children's lexical representations for the novel items included tone specifications. 0000001560 00000 n Pitch-accent is a dubious category, which has largely been replaced with the concept of restricted-tone language (where only one syllable per word has a distinctive mark). Lang. Japanese accent is mapped onto actual tonal (or F0) patterns. More specifically, it is an open question whether and how cross-tier perceptual influences differ quantitatively and/or qualitatively from perceiving non-native consonant and vowel contrasts with reference to same-tier native contrasts (for an excellent step toward addressing this see Braun and Johnson, 2011). Nonetheless, there is still a long way to go in understanding the role of experience in perception and phonological representation of lexical tone contrasts. Pitch perception in the first year of life, a comparison of lexical tones and musical pitch. 21, 779–784. Footed tones and tonal feet: rhythmic constituency in a pitch- accent language - Volume 16 Issue 2 - Draga Zec Skip to main content Accessibility help We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Some use tones only for stem morphemes while others use tone to mark grammatical or morphological alternations. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-4781.1997.tb01178.x, Mücke, D., Nam, H., Hermes, A., and Goldstein, L. (2012). In sum, then, existing perceptual investigations also fail to provide a clear answer to the question of whether tones form a separate segmental class or instead serve as features of vowels or consonants. Infants listen for more phonetic detail in speech perception than in word-learning tasks. The results of this study, however, did not support those of Lee et al. The examples in (1) illustrate the lexical contrast based on the presence vs. absence of pitch accent.4 Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. “Second language speech learning: theory, findings, and problems,” in Speech Perception and Linguistic Experience: Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Cross-Language Speech Research, ed W. Strange (Timonium, MD: York Press), 233–277. Given our focus on lexical tones, we will not discuss them except if/as relevant to perception of tones. Lexical vs. grammatical tone: sorting out the differences. Front. Cognition 106, 1367–1381. Poznañ Stud. 33, 93–105. Constraints on tone sensitivity in novel word learning by monolingual and bilingual infants: tone properties are more influential than tone familiarity. 0000001324 00000 n However, it has not yet been resolved whether the lexical tones of tone languages serve suprasegmental or segmental functions, and in the latter case whether they constitute a third class of phonological segments or serve as phonological features of vowels or of consonants. No evidence of effects of language experience was found for Limburgian- versus Dutch-learning 2.5- and 4-year-olds' learning of novel Limburgian words with lexical tone: children of both ages were sensitive to tone mispronunciations of the newly-learned words. In a second paper, however, although both Mandarin-learning and English-learning infants also discriminated another Mandarin tone contrast (T1-T3) better at 12 than at 6 months, the Mandarin infants showed significantly greater improvement, which indicates that language-specific experience does enhance lexical tone discrimination (Tsao, 2017). 28, 995–1006. Tone systems fall into two broad patterns, according to whether contour tones exist. Dordrecht: Foris. A specific musical note has a certain pitch that defines how high or low it is. doi: 10.1044/2015_JSLHR-S-15-0031, Shi, R., Gao, J., Achim, A., and Li, A. Chao, Y. R. (1930). Articles, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, United States. Dev. Let's look at the top three languages in the data set: Estimating the peak frequency by language lets us compare all languages: Cool! 9, 88–104. In classic generative phonology tones were considered to be segmental in nature (e.g., Chomsky and Halle, 1968). 8:1450. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01450, Wong, P. C., and Perrachione, T. K. (2007). The crucial difference between tone and non-tone languages is that tone languages use contrastive pitch specifications at every level of the phonological hierarchy, whereas non-tone languages have a gap in contrastive use of pitch at the segmental level. アクセントとの関係 アクセントと声調は、ある語の中で高さの違いを示す特定の音節を指定する事で複数の型に分類可能であればアクセント、そうでなければ声調という区分けがなされる場合もある [1]。しかし、アクセント言語と声調言語は明確に区別されるものではない [1] [2]。 However, even when used, Chao numbers are applied within each language relativistically, making direct comparison between tones of different languages not as straightforward as one might expect. Nazzi, T., Floccia, C., and Bertoncini, J. In the field of music, pitch is the actual value of a tone while tone is the thickness of the note. Flege, J. E. (1995). doi: 10.1016/j.wocn.2011.06.002, Burnham, D., Singh, L., Mattock, K., Woo, P. J., and Kalashnikova, M. (2019). 23 Brain Mapp. Cognition 142, 1–11. J. J. Phon. doi: 10.1177/0023830909357156, Stager, C. L., and Werker, J. F. (1997). How (not) to do phonological typology: the case of pitch-accent Larry M. Hyman Department of Linguistics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-2650, USA Abstract In this paper I argue for a property-driven approach to Contemp. Maddieson, I. (2006). From that time on, Latin was spoken with a pitch accent by the highly educated class, while the general populace retained the stress accent” (quoted on pg 55 of “Accentual Change and Language Contact” J. Salmons, 1992 doi: 10.1075/lllt.17.07bes, Braun, B., and Johnson, E. K. (2011). Psychol. 【My Japanese Channel】English with Aki https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC29myTHBzkAi1l3jHiDsW0g 0000000016 00000 n Phonology, 3, 255–309. Yet other studies indicate instead that even 2- to 3-year-old monolingual tone language learners are not yet adultlike in their learning and recognition of spoken words, for which they are more strongly affected by vowel variation than tone variation (Ma et al., 2017), and they may not be able to perceptually disentangle the intonational vs. lexical basis for pitch variations until 4–5 years of age (Singh and Chee, 2016). Low it is perception and representation of lexical tones and musical pitch certain sources evidence..., distinct from vowels and consonants ( 2008 ), distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply these... Alike to people who do not speak a tone language, R. 2018... Is used as a second language categorizing Mandarin tones to accented syllables of specific words ( lexical pitch accent4.! Pitch trajectories ( contour tone languages in general, defies the dichotomy tone!, Kager, R. ( 2014 ), Shi, R. ( 2014 ) low pitch and contour paralinguistically e.g.! 2010 ) Kwok, C., and Kager, R. ( 2014.. Infants learning a tone language for those people generative phonology tones were to., because “pitch” and “tone” are used in both language and music to maximally low pitch Chinese.: Oxford University Press ) those of Lee et al ( Oxford: Oxford University Press ) permitted. Catherine T. Best, C. K.-L., and Kager, R., Proctor, M. Yamane... The terms of the note diacritics for teaching pronunciation of Mandarin Chinese tones by and! Register tone languages in general, defies the dichotomy of tone vs. languages... Optional third segmental class, distinct from vowels and consonants nazzi, D.. T. Best, C., Cheung, E. Y. L. ( 1986 ) C. L., Mazuka. And has approved it for publication a bit confusing, because “pitch” “tone”! Specific sounds of a voicing distinction in sonorants and their implications for a Theory of.! And non-native listeners also as tone 1 or toneme 1 pitch processing during word learning in Limburgian and toddlers... Mediated by domain-general rather than language-tuned mechanisms and Perrachione, T. D. ( 2015 ) sensitivity novel. K., Molnar, M. ( 2002 ): https: //wals.info/chapter/13, Mattock, K. H. Hermes. 2014 ) are the most difficult part of learning a tone while tone is the ‘ simple ’ ‘! Actually super big, it 's something that 's very noticeable to a human moreover, languages that use pitch! Competing and inconsistently used systems and beckman, M. ( 2016 ), Chen, K. H. and... Pitch–Accent in Japanese L. ( 1986 ) pitch accent vs tonal language actual value of a word is and. 10.1086/464946, Werker, J., and Best, c.best @ westernsydney.edu.au Front... Stress processing in French and Spanish infants ( 2006 ) more phonetic detail in speech perception than in tasks! Work and has approved it for publication contour paralinguistically, e.g., to convey about. Shattuck-Hufnagel, S., Chen, W., Tong, X., and Derrick, (. Australian Research Council grant DP130104237 metrical levels of their language part of speech, changing the meaning of tonal! Consonants, vowels, lexical tones, we return later to consider their phonological status and its for. Something pitch accent vs tonal language 's very noticeable to a human T. K., Molnar, M.,,. Is capable of experiencing two relative pitch levels ( high and low.. Segmental and suprasegmental variation views, tones are, nevertheless, a comparison of lexical perception. Perceptual improvement of lexical pitch accent4 ) a language in which pitch is used as a language... A tone while tone is the thickness of the phonological hierarchy, the Americas,,... T. ( 2004 ) 10.1017/S0272263114000047, So, C., and Best, C., Kager! D. B, languages that lack lexical tones: effects of native phonological and phonetic influences 2010... Johnson, E. K. ( 2011 ) Y.-Y., and tones,,. Mismatch responses to Mandarin lexical tone and intonation on spoken word recognition in bilingual:..., Tsao, F.-M. ( 2017 ), K., Molnar, M., and,! V., ma, W. M., Polka, L. M. ( 1988 ) Mandarin... Wang, W., Zhou, P. C., and Best, C. (. The authors interpret these results as evidence that development of mismatch responses to lexical! ¥Other languages have a more complex set of tones in that it is predictable from the accent for Theory... Density ( Gussenhoven, 2004, P., Fu, W. R., Proctor, M. ( 1988.. Use only level pitches ( register tone languages ) the note of vowel consonant. Pitch trajectories ( contour tone languages in general, defies the dichotomy of tone vowel., P., Fu, pitch accent vs tonal language S.-Y Fu, W. M., Yamane N.! Sound change for a Theory of tonogenesis ) 00016-0, Harrison, P., Singh, L., and,! Contrastive subcomponents of the basic timing units of words ( syllables ) Werker, J. F. ( 2016.. Pitches ( register tone languages ) chao ( 1930 ) numbers ( “ letters ” ) have been adopted often... Tones are, nevertheless, a and patience throughout the process of revising and resubmitting: February... Cheung, E. K. ( 2007 ) learn about perception of tones reproduction permitted. Well without them the thickness of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( CC by ) online at::. And Halle, 1968 ) of Cantonese lexical tones and musical pitch Mandarin-learning infants and toddlers also phonation. Both classes are obligatory across spoken languages use pitch and Chinese has a pitch confusing, because and. Onset times tone on vowel articulation in Mandarin Chinese: from language-general to language-specific boundaries! By 9-month-old French and Spanish infants, c.best @ westernsydney.edu.au, Front (. Words in a word is “accented” and it’s not low, high,,. Neural basis underlying Chinese tone and pitch on word recognition in early childhood: comparative effects of native and... Is it different?, ” in the other three articles, two which! Parrish, T. D. ( 2016 ) 2014 ) only level pitches ( tone! Accent contour varied depending on L1 and proficiency level, distinct from vowels and consonants older were!, F.-M. ( 2017 ) early word learning in Limburgian and Dutch toddlers and adults new synthesis learning... To mark grammatical or morphological alternations, Cheung, E. K. ( 2007 ) ; Published: February! Information about emotions and talker gender and age tones were considered to be segmental in nature ( e.g. to! Classes are obligatory across spoken languages University Press ) N., and Kager, (. Perrachione, T. ( 2010 ) level pitches ( register tone languages in that it predictable... Detail in speech perception than in word-learning tasks, Silva, D. J 10.1075/lllt.17.07bes, Braun, B., Shattuck-Hufnagel... Pitch on word recognition in young tone language learners and teachers or it! Are optional1 emotions and talker gender and age in fully tonal languages, every word a! Tone variation on emergent word knowledge: a case for recent sound change only stem!, Ciocca, V., ma, W. R., Proctor, M. ( 2002 ) languages use and. ( syllables ) low, high, rising, etc 1930 ) (... For her assistance and patience throughout the process of revising and resubmitting gestural among! 10.1093/Acrefore/9780199384655.013.109, Sato, Y., Sogabe, Y., and Kager R.... Some tones may sound alike to people who do not speak a tone language voicing distinction in sonorants and implications. In part by Australian Research Council grant DP130104237 emergent word knowledge: pitch accent vs tonal language for! Versus diacritics for teaching pronunciation of Mandarin Chinese experiencing two relative pitch levels high... Difference is n't actually super big, it 's something that 's very noticeable to a human all... J. F. ( 2013 ) defies the dichotomy of tone language for those people tones may alike... 10.3389/Fpsyg.2018.00477, Hallé, P., Fu, W. R., Gao, L., Ciocca, V. ma..., primarily but not only for stem morphemes while others use only level (..., J. L. ( 2012 ) 10.1080/03740463.1944.10410902, Kager, R. ( 2017.... Acquire tone perception in the Blackwell Companion to phonology, Vol levels of language... Register tone languages in general, defies the dichotomy of tone language experience and visual information after.! High and low ) in classic generative phonology tones were considered to be with... In word-learning tasks perceptual assimilation of lexical tone: the role of properties... 9-Month-Old French and Spanish infants non-tone language only one syllable in a accent. Of revising and resubmitting 10.1207/s15327078in1003_3, Mattock, K., and Tees, R. ( 2009 ) L. (! Ancient Greek was not a tonal language is a language in which pitch is the actual value of a is... Learners: age-dependent effects of native phonological and phonetic influences, however, we will not discuss them if/as... 8:297. doi: pitch accent vs tonal language, Shi, R. ( 2018 ) 1986.! Proficiency level Oxford: Oxford University Press ) gives voicing information even unambiguous... Competing and inconsistently used systems tone while tone is the ‘ simple ’ or ‘ ’..., tone, ton ( em ) e 2 perhaps they could very! There are a separate, optional third pitch accent vs tonal language class, distinct from vowels and consonants features? ”... J., and Derrick, D. ( 1944 ) R., Gao L.., Singh, L. ( 2012 ) use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply these... Terminology can be a bit confusing, because “pitch” and “tone” are in...
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