English in European integration and globalization.” World Englishes 27: 2, 250-267. For example, there are claims that variationist discourses have entered into some ELF accounts, creating too much emphasis on accounting for language forms and authenticating them numerically, rather than considering all the contextual factors and variations that constitute communicative practices across ELF settings. 2009. Cogo further cites various studies in the field that have demonstrated that ELF communication is fluid and innovative, with an emphasis on highly variable linguistic forms. 2013. Phillipson, Robert (1992), Linguistic Imperialism, Oxford University Press. International Review of Education 47: 3, 185-200. London: Routledge. 2002. 2005. 2009. The phenomenon of English as a lingua franca (ELF) has become the subject of considerable debate during the past few years. Arbingdon, UK: Routledge. [53] "Global Englishes" (GEs) is generally seen to align closely with ELF,[54][55] seeing that language use is variable and is very much intermingled with cultural flows, situated contextualisation, and complex interactional alignment between people; whereas the other terms mentioned above tend to be seen as more linguistic in nature (e.g., "'Globish", proposing forms of simplified English needed for communication, vs. ELF and GEs, describing what people actually do when communicating [simple or not]; and "World Englishes", generally accounting for language features and commonalities by region/group, vs. ELF, looking at situated communicative use of English). As far as Marko Modiano is concerned, there are two ways to approach deciding who English is a lingua franca for. [50] Although Phillipson suggests this idea, there are some controversial facts[which?] Dr. Richard Nordquist is professor emeritus of rhetoric and English at Georgia Southern University and the author of several university-level grammar and composition textbooks. English, she says, "has served as a lingua franca in the past, and continues to do so nowadays, in many of the countries that were colonized by the British from the late sixteenth century on (often known collectively as the Outer Circle following Kachru 1985), such as India and Singapore. It comes from the author whose book "The Phonology of English as an International Language" spear-headed the English as a Lingua Franca movement - a challenge to assumptions, bias and asymmetry held within native-speaker English standards in EFL pedagogy and growing non-native speaker dominated contexts of English use. The Globalisation of English and the English Language Classroom. Sowden argues that introducing ELF in ELT will lead to differences between schools where this is implemented, and schools which have the freedom to use a native standard model, favouring the latter. Generally speaking, ELF interactions concentrate on function rather than form. English as a lingua franca: the study of language practices. Pitzl, Marie-Luise. Introducing Global Englishes. English as a lingua franca (ELF) is the use of the English language "as a global means of inter-community communication"[1] (Seidlhofer 2016: 20) and can be understood as "any use of English among speakers of different first languages for whom English is the communicative medium of choice and often the only option[2]" (Seidlhofer 2011: 7). Festschrift für Juliane House zum 60. Phillipson, Robert. [15]. One study of a Japanese Medical English as a Lingua Franca (MELF) context[31] showed that student doctors made use of empathic accommodation and solicitation strategies to make interactions more intelligible. Regarding the first stance, some linguists claim that variation in ELF is completely haphazard and devoid of any patterns, and therefore not worth studying. 2013. Lesznyák, Ágnes. Understanding English as a Lingua Franca: A Complete Introduction to the Theoretical Nature and Practical Implications of English used as a Lingua Franca. English as a lingua franca (ELF) is the use of the English language "as a global means of inter-community communication" (Seidlhofer 2016: 20) and can be understood as "any use of English among speakers of different first languages for whom English is the communicative medium of choice and often the only option " (Seidlhofer 2011: 7). Knapp, Karlfried; Meierkord, Christiane (eds.). Strasbourg: Council of Europe. The origin of the term “Lingua Franca” is traced back to the Middle Ages when it was used to describe a language or jargon used around the eastern Mediterranean by traders and Crusaders. This early lingua franca featured the use of invariant forms of nouns, adjectives, and verbs. 1, pp. Spichtinger, Daniel. Whilst recognising Cogo's clarifications regarding several misconceptions of ELF, Sewell also points out and discusses some of the questions Cogo's article arises. Pennycook, A. Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag. Barbara Seidlhofer, http://www.univie.ac.at/voice/page/abstracts/klimpfinger_2005.pdf, http://anglistik.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/dep_anglist/weitere_Uploads/Views/Views_0702.pdf, http://www.novitasroyal.org/paradowski.pdf, "Review of developments in research into English as a lingua franca", "Listening instruction and patient safety: Exploring medical English as a lingua franca (MELF) for nursing education", http://biblioteca.uqroo.mx/hemeroteca/elt_journal/2002/julio/560240.pdf, http://zif.spz.tu-darmstadt.de/jg-08-2-3/docs/Seidlhofer_Widdowson.pdf, http://www.univie.ac.at/voice/page/abstracts/breiteneder_2005.pdf, "English as a lingua franca: ontology and ideology", "The distinctiveness of English as a Lingua Franca", http://www.southampton.ac.uk/cge/working_papers/, First steps in exploring computer-mediated English as a lingua franca, http://www.univie.ac.at/Anglistik/Views_0702.pdf, https://web.archive.org/web/20110721023252/http://ressources-cla.univ-fcomte.fr/gerflint/Europe3/hulmbauer.pdf, https://www.theguardian.com/education/2001/apr/19/languages.highereducation1, https://web.archive.org/web/20110706090020/http://anglistik.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/dep_anglist/weitere_Uploads/Views/Views_0702.pdf, https://books.google.com/books?id=KDi30N8c2kgC&pg=PA263&lpg=PA263#v=onepage&f=false, https://books.google.com/books?id=qPhULmMmqJMC&printsec=frontcover&source=bn#v=onepage&f=false, https://www.academia.edu/3318842/Barbara_Seidlhofer_Understanding_English_as_a_Lingua_Franca_A_Complete_Introduction_to_the_Theoretical_Nature_and_Practical_Implications_of_English_used_as_a_Lingua_Franca_Review_article_, http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/linguistic/source/seidlhoferen.pdf, https://web.archive.org/web/20110719100302/http://zif.spz.tu-darmstadt.de/jg-08-2-3/docs/Seidlhofer_Widdowson.pdf, https://web.archive.org/web/20110722230455/http://biblioteca.uqroo.mx/hemeroteca/elt_journal/2002/julio/560240.pdf, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_as_a_lingua_franca&oldid=990851113, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2019, All Wikipedia articles needing clarification, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2020, Articles with dead external links from October 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, shift in the use of articles (including some preference for zero articles) as in, treating ‘who’ and ‘which’ as interchangeable relative pronouns, as in, shift of patterns of preposition use, for example, preference for bare and/or full infinitive over the use of gerunds, as in, extension to the collocational field of words with high semantic generality, for example, exploited redundancy, such as ellipsis of objects/complements of transitive verbs as in "I wanted to go with..." or "You can borrow...'". Criticism of ELF generally falls into three camps:[citation needed] Those who argue that the language studied consists of learner errors rather than authentic variation; those who argue that ELF scholars are perpetuating the idea that ELF is a reified variety of English; and those who feel it is upholding notions of neutrality in the face of global domination through languages and discourse. Other terms with slightly different meanings have been used in the debate and research on the global spread of English, including "English as an International Language" (EIL), "Global English", "Global Englishes", "International English", "World English" and "World Englishes", and "Globish" (Global English). • English as foreign language ( Google net ) • Breiteneder, Angelika Maria. 2007. “'Mind you, sometimes you have to mix'. For many people, the answer is likely to be: with other people who do not speak English as a first language. Seidlhofer, Barbara. Sowden argues that ELF researchers encourage ELF speakers to use specific varieties of English over others, an argument that Cogo refutes by stating that researchers only use empirical data to show what happens in ELF interactions, and never to tell speakers what to use. Notes on English used as a lingua franca as an object of study. The Globalisation of English and the English language classroom. For Hülmbauer, for instance, “it seems likely that the ELF users develop their own markers of identity (be they a common 'European' or 'international' nature or more individual ones which are created online, depending on the community of practice they are emerging).”[22] In this view, ELF is multicultural rather than culture-free. [11] However, very often they form a minority of the interlocutors. 2008. “Lingua franca or lingua frankensteinia? Novitas-ROYAL (Research on Youth and Language) 2(1), 92–119. MacKenzie, Ian. If so, you understand how completely frustrating it can be. (eds.) 2018. English is the largest of human tongues, with several times the vocabulary of the second largest language. 2, No. For Sowden, the use of multilingual and local teachers can also be beneficial for L2 learners, as these teachers have knowledge of the local culture and spoken languages and the constraints they have on learning English. When you do a needs analysis, do you ask students who they use English with? The other line of criticism argues that concepts such as ELF provide a useful (terminological) veneer for continued (linguistic) domination by English-speaking countries through their political, educational, and cultural institutions. Jenkins, Jennifer (2014). [4] While lingua francas have been used for centuries, what makes ELF a novel phenomenon is the extent to which it is used in spoken,[5] written[6] and in computer-mediated communication. English as a Lingua Franca in Europe Today English is widely regarded as the most widespread lingua franca in the world and this is also true in Europe: English has become an intrinsic part of the European linguistic landscape and it constitutes an Mauranen, Anna; Ranta, Elina (eds.). The world has turned into an interconnected global system, which requires a shared means of communication. A behind-the-scenes view into an ELF community of practice”. The term English as a lingua franca (ELF) refers to the teaching, learning, and use of English as a common means of communication (or contact language) for speakers of different native languages. which put Phillipson in a contrast situation. 2001. “Bringing Europe's lingua franca into the classroom.” The Guardian Weekly 19 April 2001. ... One is the (traditional) idea that English is a lingua franca for a non-native speaker constituency which should pursue knowledge of the language as if it were a foreign language. Assessing Variety Status. Mortensen, J. English has become a lingua franca in many parts of the world. If English is indeed a lingua franca, it should be possible to describe it as such without prejudice. For people to adapt to certain situations, learning English has become a necessity. 2005. “Exploring the third space. Although some researchers hold that English as a lingua franca is a neutral and culture-free tool,[16][17] others hold that it carries the culture and language of its speakers. English as a Foreign Language (EFL) is English when it is used by non-native speakers to communicate with native speakers. Seidlhofer, Barbara. Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag, 118-131. Did you require someone to translate for you? Klimpfinger, Theresa. Unpublished MA Thesis, University of Vienna. . Studies and findings. Recent Examples on the Web These researchers argue that quantum field theory, the current lingua franca of particle physics, tells far too convoluted a story. Paradowski, Michał B. English as a Lingua Franca: Theorizing and Teaching English. One overarching factor seems to be a discrepancy between perceptions on the role of ELF in everyday interactions all over the globe on the one hand, and the dominance of as well as reliance on native speaker norms on the other hand. It will then review the development of English in selected Asian countries and its role in those countries today. Besides, English Language operates as the lingua franca of this new millennium. 2006. “Towards making ‘Euro-English’ a linguistic reality.” In: Bolton, Kinglsey; Kachru, Braj B. . Frankfurt am Main et al. Here, the speaker's ability to move away from the traditional speech patterns of the native varieties is argued to be an important part of ELF research. Firth, Alan. Lingua franca definition: A lingua franca is a language or way of communicating which is used between people who do... | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples
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